All of this causes plant stress. Salt damage is generally visible as the burning of margins or tips of leaves where the ions accumulate, followed by defoliation and death Figure 1. Damage from high salts in the soil is generally more uniform over the entire plant than damage from salt spray Figure 2. Many coastal soils are sandy and thus have lower water- and nutrient-holding capacities. Compared to heavier soils, tolerance ranges for soluble salts in sandy soils are lower than in heavier loamy or clay soils.
A common way to assess soil salinity is to measure its electrical conductivity EC , the ability of the soil solution to conduct electricity. Since pure water is a poor conductor of electricity, higher soluble salts result in proportional increase in the solution EC. In a sandy loam soil, plants with good salt tolerance can tolerate values of 6. In California, a salinity reading of 0. Soil salinity is determined using a conductivity meter to measure the electrical conductance of all salts in a saturated sample of soil.
While it is important to measure the concentration of total salts, it is also important to check the concentrations of specific ions such as Cl and Na, as these two ions are likely to cause damage to plants. Concentrations of Cl less than 71 parts per million, ppm, or less than 2.
Iron, manganese, and magnesium deficiencies are common in coastal soils. Landscapers are advised to send a soil sample to the University of Georgia Agricultural and Environmental Services Laboratories AESL , which offer soil salinity testing to help diagnose and manage problems associated with soil salinity. The salt tolerance of landscape plants has been determined using several methods from observation to controlled studies using different concentrations of NaCl. For a thorough listing of salt-tolerant landscape plants and the methods used to determine those plants, see the chapter on salinity in Abiotic Disorders of Landscape Plants: A Diagnostic Guide published by the University of California.
Table 1 is a list of trees native to Georgia and ranked for salt tolerance based on personal observation and other literature.
Personal observations over the years range from St. Augustine, Florida, in the south to Charleston, South Carolina, in the north. Exotic trees, shrubs that are grown multi-stem as small trees, or trees native to the United States but not native to Georgia that we commonly see being able to tolerate wind, salt spray, and to some extent, saline soils, include Butia capitata, Elaeagnus x ebbingei, Ilex cornuta, Ligustrum japonicum, Nerium oleander, Parkinsonia aculeata, Phoenix canariensis, Pittosporum tobira, Rhaphiolepis spp.
Exotic species that do well with some protection include Acca sellowiana, Callistemon citrinus, Cedrus deodara, Cinnamomum camphora, Cupressus arizonica, Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus cinerea, Ilex rotunda, Nageia nagi, Phoenix dactylifera, Photinia serratifolia, Pinus thunbergiana, Platycladus orientalis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Trachycarpus fortunei, Ulmus parvifolia, Viburnum odoratissimum, and Vitex agnus-castus Figure 3.
Table 1. Native trees and shrubs and their tolerance to salt sprays or saline soils. Some plants will tolerate coastal conditions if planted in areas protected from salt spray or strong winds, thus microclimate becomes important. Drip irrigation can be used on plants that do not tolerate salts on their foliage. Applying additional water to leach ions from the root zone is a cultural method used to improve plant growth and survival. Leaching will remove excess salts from soils that are well structured and have good internal drainage.
The University of Georgia recommends leaching techniques to remove salts from the root zone when EC is greater than 1. As for the volume of low-salt water needed to dissolve and leach large quantities of salts from the soil, a general rule of thumb is that 6 inches of water will remove about half of the salt, 12 inches will remove four-fifths of the salt, and 24 inches will remove nine-tenths of the salt.
The selection of plants for the salty coast is limited by the numerous environmental and chemical factors which influence plant growth. However, with proper plant selection and landscape management, there can be joy in coastal gardening. Barrick, W. Report Costello, L. Abiotic disorders of landscape. Knox, G. Sonon, L. Stuckey, I. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.
Tenenbaum, F. Houghton Mifflin Company, NY. US Salinity Laboratory Staff Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. Status and Revision History Published on May 17, Classes, Workshops, and Club Meetings UGA Extension offers a wealth of personalized services like workshops, classes, consultation, certifications, camps, and educator resources.
Find out what Extension has for you! Extension Changes Georgia University of Georgia Cooperative Extension programming improves people's lives and gets results. Our Impact. Extension Publications Bulletin Bulletin Farkleberry, tree sparkleberry, huckleberry, winter huckleberry. Faculty Bodie V. Ruter Allan M. Have a question? Contact your local UGA Extension office to find out how our team of county agents can assist you. Acer rubrum. Red maple.
Acer saccharum var. Sugar maple. Aesculus pavia. Red buckeye. Amelanchier arborea. Common serviceberry. Aralia spinosa. Betula nigra. River birch. Bumelia tenax. Tough bully. Carpinus caroliniana. American hornbeam. Carya aquatica. Water hickory. Carya glabra. Pignut hickory. Carya tomentosa. Mockernut hickory. Catalpa bignonioides. Southern catalpa. Celtis laevigata. Sugarberry, hackberry.
Cercis canadensis. Eastern redbud. Chamaecyparis thyoides. Atlantic white cedar, swamp cedar. Chionanthus virginicus. Published by USDA, Seller: Donald E.
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